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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">patristic</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Библия и христианская древность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bible and Christian Antiquity</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658−7815</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-1122</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московская духовная академия</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31802/BCA.2022.13.1.003</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">patristic-208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Патрология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCHES. Patrology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ниневия vs. Израиль: как христианские экзегеты Книги пророка Ионы интерпретируют исторические события</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nineveh vs. Israel: How the Christian Exegetes of the Book of Jonah Interpret Historical Events</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомичёва</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomicheva</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Софья Владимировна Фомичёва - аспирант</p><p>194214, Санкт-Петербург (до востребования)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia V. Fomicheva - PhD student</p><p>(Poste restante), Saint-Petersburg 194214, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sofia021987@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Гёттингенский университет<country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">PhD student of the University of Goettingen<country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фомичёва С.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фомичёва С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fomicheva S.F.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.patristic.ru/jour/article/view/208">https://www.patristic.ru/jour/article/view/208</self-uri><abstract><p>Большинство христианских экзегетов I–V вв. в своих интерпретациях Книги пророка Ионы обращаются к теме противостояния Ниневии и Израиля, трактуя его таким образом, что ниневитяне являются прообразом язычников, поверивших в Христа, в то время как иудеи Его отвергли. В статье рассматривается вопрос, соотносят ли экзегеты это духовное противостояние с реальным, военным противостоянием ниневитян и евреев — завоеванием Ассирией Северного царства Израиля (722/721 г. до н. э.). Выявлено, что только два экзегета IV в. — сирийский богослов Ефрем Сирин и греческий экзегет Феодор Мопсуестийский обращаются к этим историческим событиям. Это свидетельствует, несмотря на разницу в жанрах, об использовании сходного метода интерпретации книги пророка Ионы — исторической экзегезе. Однако оценка этих событий у богословов прямо противоположна. Для Ефрема уничтожение Северного царства — это естественное следствие нечестивого поведения евреев по сравнению с праведным покаянием ниневитян. Он рассматривает эти драматические исторические события как проявление заместительного богословия, согласно которому языческие народы заменили избранный народ. В то же время греческий богослов Феодор Мопсуестийский, в отличие от прп. Ефрема Сирина, оценивает завоевание Ассирией Израиля резко негативно, подчёркивая, что ниневитяне впоследствии понесли заслуженное наказание за свои греховные деяния. В статье показывается, что такая разница во взглядах связана с особенностями подхода богословов к иудеям. Прп. Ефрем Сирин является выразителем острой антииудейской полемики, в рамках которой рассматривает библейскую историю Ионы и ниневитян, в то время как Феодор Мопсуестийский с его учением о «смягченном заместительном богословии» отличается некоторой симпатией к иудеям.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Most Christian exegetes of the 1st–5th centuries in their interpretations of the Book of the Prophet Jonah concern the confrontation between Nineveh and Israel, interpreting it in such a way that the Ninevites are the prototype of the Gentiles who believed in Christ, while the Jews rejected Him. The present publication focuses on the question of whether the exegetes juxtapose this spiritual confrontation with real, military confrontation between the Ninevites and the Jews — Assyria’s conquest of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (722/721 BCE). In sum, only two exegetes of the 4th century — the Syrian theologian Ephraim the Syrian and the Greek exegete Theodore of Mopsuestia concern these historical events. It makes clear that two theologians in their interpretatio ns of the Book of the Prophet Jonah use a similar tool of historical exegesis, despite the difference in genres. However, two exegetes demonstrate an opposite approach to the historical events. For Ephraim, the destruction of the Northern Kingdom is a result of the wicked behavior of the Jews compared to the righteous repentance of the Ninevites. The Syriac exegete examine the conquest as an illustration of theology of supersessionism, according to which the pagan peoples replaced the chosen people of Jews. Unlike St. Ephraim the Syrian, the Greek theologian Theodore of Mopsuestia evaluate the Assyrian conquest of Israel very negatively, emphasizing that the Ninevites subsequently endure appropriate punishment for their sinful deeds. The paper attempts to present that such a difference in opinions could be a result of a different attitude of two theologians towards the Jews. St. Ephraim the Syrian interprets the biblical story of Jonah and the Ninevites within the framework of his sharp anti-Jewish polemics, while Theodore of Mopsuestia with his doctrine of «mitigated supersessionism» is distinguished by some sympathy for the Jews. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экзегеза Книги пророка Ионы</kwd><kwd>антииудейская полемика</kwd><kwd>прп. 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